<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet href="/xsl/rss.xsl" type="text/xsl" media="screen"?>
<rss version="2.0" 
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:ppp="http://blog.sohu.com/rss/module/ppp/"
	>

	<channel>
		<title>丁学良和谢丹阳</title>
		<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/</link>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2008 21:38:54 +0800</pubDate>
		<generator>搜狐博客</generator>
		<ppp:ebi>9b011da792</ppp:ebi>
		<image>
			<title>http://blog.sohu.com</title>
			<url>http://js.pp.sohu.com/ppp/blog/images/common/logo_150_60.gif</url>
			<link>http://blog.sohu.com/</link>
			<width>100</width>
			<height>43</height>
			<description>搜狐博客</description>
		</image>
		<item>
			<title>二○○八年第二季度中国货币政策执行报告</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98404375.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98404375.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2008 21:38:54 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>资料收集</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98404375.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[ 中国人民银行今日发布《二○○八年第二季度中国货币政策执行报告》（见附件）。<br /><br />　　　　　　上网时间:2008-8-15 16:23:00<br /><br />　　　　　　附件：<br />　　　　　　1. <a href="http://www.pbc.gov.cn/showacc2.asp?id=1785" target="_blank">二○○八年第二季度中国货币政策执行报告.pdf</a>]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>Ben S. Bernanke: Reducing Systemic Risk</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98403312.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98403312.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2008 21:25:39 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>资料收集</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98403312.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[Chairman Ben S. Bernanke<br />At the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City's Annual Economic Symposium, Jackson Hole, Wyoming<br />August 22, 2008<br /><br />Reducing Systemic Risk<br /><br />In choosing the topic for this year's symposium--maintaining stability in a changing financial system--the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City staff is, once again, right on target. Although we have seen improved functioning in some markets, the financial storm that reached gale force some weeks before our last meeting here in Jackson Hole has not yet subsided, and its effects on the broader economy are becoming apparent in the form of softening economic activity and rising unemployment. Add to this mix a jump in inflation, in part the product of a global commodity boom, and the result has been one of the most challenging economic and policy environments in memory.<br /><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The Federal Reserve's response to this crisis has consisted of three key elements. First, we eased monetary policy substantially, particularly after indications of economic weakness proliferated around the turn of the year.</span> In easing rapidly and proactively, we sought to offset, at least in part, the tightening of credit conditions associated with the crisis and thus to mitigate the effects on the broader economy. By cushioning the first-round economic impact of the financial stress, we hoped also to minimize the risks of a so-called adverse feedback loop in which economic weakness exacerbates financial stress, which, in turn, further damages economic prospects.<br /><br />In view of the weakening outlook and the downside risks to growth, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has maintained a relatively low target for the federal funds rate despite an increase in inflationary pressures. This strategy has been conditioned on our expectation that the prices of oil and other commodities would ultimately stabilize, in part as the result of slowing global growth, and that this outcome, together with well-anchored inflation expectations and increased slack in resource utilization, would foster a return to price stability in the medium run. In this regard, the recent decline in commodity prices, as well as the increased stability of the dollar, has been encouraging. If not reversed, these developments, together with a pace of growth that is likely to fall short of potential for a time, should lead inflation to moderate later this year and next year. Nevertheless, the inflation outlook remains highly uncertain, not least because of the difficulty of predicting the future course of commodity prices, and we will continue to monitor inflation and inflation expectations closely. The FOMC is committed to achieving medium-term price stability and will act as necessary to attain that objective.<br /><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The second element of our response has been to offer liquidity support to the financial markets through a variety of collateralized lending programs.</span> I have discussed these lending facilities and their rationale in some detail on other occasions.1 Briefly, these programs are intended to mitigate what have been, at times, very severe strains in short-term funding markets and, by providing an additional source of financing, to allow banks and other financial institutions to deleverage in a more orderly manner. We have recently extended our special programs for primary dealers beyond the end of the year, based on our assessment that financial conditions remain unusual and exigent. We will continue to review all of our liquidity facilities to determine if they are having their intended effects or require modification.<br /><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The third element</span> of our strategy encompasses a range of activities and initiatives undertaken in our role as financial regulator and supervisor, some of which I will describe in more detail later in my remarks. Briefly, these activities <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">include cooperating with other regulators to monitor the health of individual financial institutions; working with the private sector to reduce risks in some key markets; developing new regulations, including new rules to govern mortgage and credit card lending; taking an active part in domestic and international efforts to draw out the lessons of the recent experience; and applying those lessons in our supervisory practices.</span><br /><br />Closely related to this third group of activities is a critical question that we as a country now face: how to strengthen our financial system, including our system of financial regulation and supervision, to reduce the frequency and severity of bouts of financial instability in the future. In this regard, some particularly thorny issues are raised by the existence of financial institutions that may be perceived as &quot;too big to fail&quot; and the moral hazard issues that may arise when governments intervene in a financial crisis. As you know, in March the Federal Reserve acted to prevent the default of the investment bank Bear Stearns. For reasons that I will discuss shortly, those actions were necessary and justified under the circumstances that prevailed at that time. However, those events also have consequences that must be addressed. In particular, if no countervailing actions are taken, what would be perceived as an implicit expansion of the safety net could exacerbate the problem of &quot;too big to fail,&quot; possibly resulting in excessive risk-taking and yet greater systemic risk in the future. Mitigating that problem is one of the design challenges that we face as we consider the future evolution of our system.<br /><br />As both the nation's central bank and a financial regulator, the Federal Reserve must be well prepared to make constructive contributions to the coming national debate on the future of the financial system and financial regulation. Accordingly, we have set up a number of internal working groups, consisting of governors, Reserve Bank presidents, and staff, to study these and related issues. That work is ongoing, and I do not want to prejudge the outcomes. However, in the remainder of my remarks today I will raise, in a preliminary way, what I see as some promising approaches for reducing systemic risk. I will begin by discussing steps that are already under way to strengthen the financial infrastructure in a manner that should increase the resilience of our financial system. I will then turn to a discussion of regulatory and supervisory practice, with particular attention to whether a more comprehensive, systemwide perspective in financial supervision is warranted. For the most part, I will leave for another occasion the issues of broader structural and statutory change, such as those raised by the Treasury's blueprint for regulatory reform.2<br /><br />Strengthening the Financial Infrastructure<br />An effective means of increasing the resilience of the financial system is to strengthen its infrastructure. For my purposes today, I want to construe &quot;financial infrastructure&quot; very broadly, to include not only the &quot;hardware&quot; components of that infrastructure--the physical systems on which market participants rely for the quick and accurate execution, clearing, and settlement of transactions--but also the associated &quot;software,&quot; including the statutory, regulatory, and contractual frameworks and the business practices that govern the actions and obligations of market participants on both sides of each transaction. Of course, a robust financial infrastructure has many benefits even in normal times, including lower transactions costs and greater market liquidity. In periods of extreme stress, however, the quality of the financial infrastructure may prove critical. For example, it greatly affects the ability of market participants to quickly determine their own positions and exposures, including exposures to key counterparties, and to adjust their positions as necessary. When positions and exposures cannot be determined rapidly--as was the case, for example, when program trades overwhelmed the system during the 1987 stock market crash--potential outcomes include highly risk-averse behavior by market participants, sharp declines in market liquidity, and high volatility in asset prices. The financial infrastructure also has important effects on how market participants respond to perceived changes in counterparty risk. For example, during a period of heightened stress, participants may be willing to provide liquidity to a market if a strong central counterparty is present but not otherwise.<br /><br />Considerations of this type were very much in our minds during the Bear Stearns episode in March. The collapse of Bear Stearns was triggered by a run of its creditors and customers, analogous to the run of depositors on a commercial bank. This run was surprising, however, in that Bear Stearns's borrowings were largely secured--that is, its lenders held collateral to ensure repayment even if the company itself failed. However, the illiquidity of markets in mid-March was so severe that creditors lost confidence that they could recoup their loans by selling the collateral. Many short-term lenders declined to renew their loans, driving Bear to the brink of default.<br /><br />Although not an extraordinarily large company by many metrics, <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Bear Stearns was deeply involved in a number of critical markets, including (as I have noted) markets for short-term secured funding as well as those for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives.</span> One of our concerns was that the infrastructures of those markets and the risk- and liquidity-management practices of market participants would not be adequate to deal in an orderly way with the collapse of a major counterparty. With financial conditions already quite fragile, the sudden, unanticipated failure of Bear Stearns would have led to a sharp unwinding of positions in those markets that could have severely shaken the confidence of market participants. The company's failure could also have cast doubt on the financial conditions of some of Bear Stearns's many counterparties or of companies with similar businesses and funding practices, impairing the ability of those firms to meet their funding needs or to carry out normal transactions. As more firms lost access to funding, the vicious circle of forced selling, increased volatility, and higher haircuts and margin calls that was already well advanced at the time would likely have intensified. The broader economy could hardly have remained immune from such severe financial disruptions. <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Largely because of these concerns, the Federal Reserve took actions that facilitated the purchase of Bear Stearns and the assumption of Bear's financial obligations by JPMorgan Chase &amp; Co.</span><br /><br />This experience has led me to believe that one of the best ways to protect the financial system against future systemic shocks, including the possible failure of a major counterparty, is by strengthening the financial infrastructure, including both the &quot;hardware&quot; and the &quot;software&quot; components. The Federal Reserve, in collaboration with the private sector and other regulators, is intensively engaged in such efforts. For example, since September 2005, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has been leading a joint public-private initiative to improve arrangements for clearing and settling trades in credit default swaps and other OTC derivatives. These efforts include gaining commitments from private-sector participants to automate and standardize the clearing and settlement process, encouraging improved netting and cash settlement arrangements, and supporting the development of a central counterparty for credit default swaps. More generally, although customized derivatives contracts between sophisticated counterparties will continue to be appropriate in many situations, on the margin it appears that a migration of derivatives trading toward more-standardized instruments and the increased use of well-managed central counterparties, either linked to or independent of exchanges, could have a systemic benefit.<br /><br />The Federal Reserve and other authorities also are focusing on enhancing the resilience of the markets for triparty repurchase agreements (repos). In the triparty repo market, primary dealers and other large banks and broker-dealers obtain very large amounts of secured financing from money funds and other short-term, risk-averse investors. We are encouraging firms to improve their management of liquidity risk and to reduce over time their reliance on triparty repos for overnight financing of less-liquid forms of collateral. In the longer term, we need to ensure that there are robust contingency plans for managing, in an orderly manner, the default of a major participant. We should also explore possible means of reducing this market's dependence on large amounts of intraday credit from the banks that facilitate the settlement of triparty repos. The attainment of these objectives might be facilitated by the introduction of a central counterparty but may also be achievable under the current framework for clearing and settlement.<br /><br />Of course, like other central banks, the Federal Reserve continues to monitor systemically important payment and settlement systems and to compare their performance with international standards for reliability, efficiency, and safety. Unlike most other central banks, however, the Federal Reserve does not have general statutory authority to oversee these systems. Instead, we rely on a patchwork of authorities, largely derived from our role as a banking supervisor, as well as on moral suasion, to help ensure that the various payment and settlement systems have the necessary procedures and controls in place to manage the risks they face. As part of any larger reform, the Congress should consider granting the Federal Reserve explicit oversight authority for systemically important payment and settlement systems.<br /><br />Yet another key component of the software of the financial infrastructure is the set of rules and procedures used to resolve claims on a market participant that has defaulted on its obligations. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the bankruptcy laws and contractual agreements serve this function well. However, in the rare circumstances in which the impending or actual failure of an institution imposes substantial systemic risks, the standard procedures for resolving institutions may be inadequate. In the Bear Stearns case, the government's response was severely complicated by the lack of a clear statutory framework for dealing with such a situation. As I have suggested on other occasions, the Congress may wish to consider whether such a framework should be set up for a defined set of nonbank institutions.3 A possible approach would be to give an agency--the Treasury seems an appropriate choice--the responsibility and the resources, under carefully specified conditions and in consultation with the appropriate supervisors, to intervene in cases in which an impending default by a major nonbank financial institution is judged to carry significant systemic risks. The implementation of such a resolution scheme does raise a number of complex issues, however, and further study will be needed to develop specific, workable proposals.<br /><br />A stronger infrastructure would help to reduce systemic risk. Importantly, as my FOMC colleague Gary Stern has pointed out, it would also mitigate moral hazard and the problem of &quot;too big to fail&quot; by reducing the range of circumstances in which systemic stability concerns might be expected by markets to prompt government intervention.4 A statutory resolution regime for nonbanks, besides reducing uncertainty, would also limit moral hazard by allowing the government to resolve failing firms in a way that is orderly but also wipes out equity holders and haircuts some creditors, analogous to what happens when a commercial bank fails.<br /><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">A Systemwide Approach to Supervisory Oversight</span><br /><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">The regulation and supervisory oversight of financial institutions is another critical tool for limiting systemic risk.</span> In general, effective government oversight of individual institutions increases financial resilience and reduces moral hazard by attempting to ensure that all financial firms with access to some sort of federal safety net--including those that creditors may believe are too big to fail--maintain adequate buffers of capital and liquidity and develop comprehensive approaches to risk and liquidity management. Importantly, a well-designed supervisory regime complements rather than supplants market discipline. Indeed, regulation can serve to strengthen market discipline, for example, by mandating a transparent disclosure regime for financial firms.<br /><br />Going forward, a critical question for regulators and supervisors is what their appropriate &quot;field of vision&quot; should be. Under our current system of safety-and-soundness regulation, supervisors often focus on the financial conditions of individual institutions in isolation. An alternative approach, which has been called systemwide or macroprudential oversight, would broaden the mandate of regulators and supervisors to encompass consideration of potential systemic risks and weaknesses as well.<br /><br />At least informally, financial regulation and supervision in the United States already include some macroprudential elements. As one illustration, many of the supervisory guidances issued by federal bank regulators have been motivated, at least in part, by concerns that a particular industry trend posed risks to the stability of the banking system as a whole, not just to individual institutions. For example, following lengthy comment periods, in 2006, the federal banking supervisors issued formal guidance on underwriting and managing the risks of nontraditional mortgages, such as interest-only and negative amortization mortgages, as well as guidance warning banks against excessive concentrations in commercial real estate lending. These guidances likely would not have been issued if the federal regulators had viewed the issues they addressed as being isolated to a few banks. The regulators were concerned not only about individual banks but also about the systemic risks associated with excessive industry-wide concentrations (of commercial real estate or nontraditional mortgages) or an industry-wide pattern of certain practices (for example, in underwriting exotic mortgages). Note that, in warning against excessive concentrations or common exposures across the banking system, regulators need not make a judgment about whether a particular asset class is mispriced--although rapid changes in asset prices or risk premiums may increase the level of concern. Rather, their task is to determine the risks imposed on the system as a whole if common exposures significantly increase the correlation of returns across institutions.<br /><br />The development of supervisory guidances is a process which often involves soliciting comments from the industry and the public and, where applicable, developing a consensus among the banking regulators. In that respect, the process is not always as nimble as we might like. For that reason, less-formal processes may sometimes be more effective and timely. As a case in point, the Federal Reserve--in close cooperation with other domestic and foreign regulators--regularly conducts so-called horizontal reviews of large financial institutions, focused on specific issues and practices. Recent reviews have considered topics such as leveraged loans, enterprise-wide risk management, and liquidity practices. The lessons learned from these reviews are shared with both the institutions participating in these reviews as well as other institutions for which the information might be beneficial. Like supervisory guidance, these reviews help increase the safety and soundness of individual institutions but they may also identify common weaknesses and risks that may have implications for broader systemic stability. In my view, making the systemic risk rationale for guidances and reviews more explicit is certainly feasible and would be a useful step toward a more systemic orientation for financial regulation and supervision.<br /><br />A systemwide focus for financial regulation would also increase attention to how the incentives and constraints created by regulations affect behavior, especially risk-taking, through the credit cycle. During a period of economic weakness, for example, a prudential supervisor concerned only with the safety and soundness of a particular institution will tend to push for very conservative lending policies. In contrast, the macroprudential supervisor would recognize that, for the system as a whole, excessively conservative lending policies could prove counterproductive if they contribute to a weaker economic and credit environment. Similarly, risk concentrations that might be acceptable at a single institution in a period of economic expansion could be dangerous if they existed at a large number of institutions simultaneously. I do not have the time today to do justice to the question of the procyclicality of, say, capital regulations and accounting rules. This topic has received a great deal of attention elsewhere and has also engaged the attention of regulators; in particular, the framers of the Basel II capital accord have made significant efforts to measure regulatory capital needs &quot;through the cycle&quot; to mitigate procyclicality. However, as we consider ways to strengthen the system for the future in light of what we have learned over the past year, we should critically examine capital regulations, provisioning policies, and other rules applied to financial institutions to determine whether, collectively, they increase the procyclicality of credit extension beyond the point that is best for the system as a whole.<br /><br />A yet more ambitious approach to macroprudential regulation would involve an attempt by regulators to develop a more fully integrated overview of the entire financial system. In principle, such an approach would appear well justified, as our financial system has become less bank-centered and because activities or risk-taking not permitted to regulated institutions have a way of migrating to other financial firms or markets. Some caution is in order, however, as this more comprehensive approach would be technically demanding and possibly very costly both for the regulators and the firms they supervise. It would likely require at least periodic surveillance and information-gathering from a wide range of nonbank institutions. Increased coordination would be required among the private- and public-sector supervisors of exchanges and other financial markets to keep up to date with evolving practices and products and to try to identify those which may pose risks outside the purview of each individual regulator. International regulatory coordination, already quite extensive, would need to be expanded further.<br /><br />One might imagine also conducting formal stress tests, not at the firm level as occurs now, but for a range of firms and markets simultaneously. Doing so might reveal important interactions that are missed by stress tests at the level of the individual firm. For example, such an exercise might suggest that a sharp change in asset prices would not only affect the value of a particular firm's holdings but also impair liquidity in key markets, with adverse consequences for the ability of the firm to adjust its risk positions or obtain funding. Systemwide stress tests might also highlight common exposures and &quot;crowded trades&quot; that would not be visible in tests confined to one firm. Again, however, we should not underestimate the technical and information requirements of conducting such exercises effectively. Financial markets move swiftly, firms' holdings and exposures change every day, and financial transactions do not respect national boundaries. Thus, the information requirements for conducting truly comprehensive macroprudential surveillance could be daunting indeed.<br /><br />Macroprudential supervision also presents communication issues. For example, the expectations of the public and of financial market participants would have to be managed carefully, as such an approach would never eliminate financial crises entirely. Indeed, an expectation by financial market participants that financial crises will never occur would create its own form of moral hazard and encourage behavior that would make financial crises more, rather than less, likely.<br /><br />With all these caveats, I believe that an increased focus on systemwide risks by regulators and supervisors is inevitable and desirable. However, as we proceed in that direction, we would be wise to maintain a realistic appreciation of the difficulties of comprehensive oversight in a financial system as large, diverse, and globalized as ours.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Although we at the Federal Reserve remain focused on addressing the current risks to economic and financial stability, we have also begun thinking about the lessons for the future. I have discussed today <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">two strategies for reducing systemic risk: strengthening the financial infrastructure, broadly construed, and increasing the systemwide focus of financial regulation and supervision.</span> Work on the financial infrastructure is already well under way, and I expect further progress as the public and private sectors cooperate to address common concerns. The adoption of a regulatory and supervisory approach with a heavier macroprudential focus has a strong rationale, but we should be careful about over-promising, as we are still rather far from having the capacity to implement such an approach in a thoroughgoing way. The Federal Reserve will continue to work with the Congress, other regulators, and the private sector to explore this and other strategies to increase financial stability.<br /><br />When we last met here in Jackson Hole, the nature of the financial crisis and its implications for the economy were just coming into view. A year later, many challenges remain. I look forward to the insights into this experience that will be provided by the papers at this conference.<br /><br />Footnotes<br /><br />1. See, for example, Ben S. Bernanke (2008), &quot;Liquidity Provision by the Federal Reserve,&quot; speech delivered (via satellite) at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Financial Markets Conference, Sea Island, Ga., May 13. Return to text<br /><br />2. See Department of the Treasury (March 2008), Blueprint for a Modernized Financial Regulatory Structure. Return to text<br /><br />3. Ben S. Bernanke (2008), &quot;Financial Regulation and Financial Stability,&quot; speech delivered at the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's Forum on Mortgage Lending for Low and Moderate Income Households, Arlington, Va., July 8. Return to text<br /><br />4. See, for example, Gary H. Stern and Ron J. Feldman (2004), Too Big to Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts (Washington: Brookings Institution Press). Return to text<br /><br />Return to topReturn to top]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>我国经济社会在宏观调控中迈向优化与和谐</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98397424.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98397424.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2008 20:20:19 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>资料收集</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98397424.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[我国经济社会在宏观调控中迈向优化与和谐<br />2008/08/27<br />国家发展改革委讯<br />---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 今年以来，我国积极应对复杂的国际国内经济环境和重特大自然灾害的挑战，保持了经济平稳较快发展的势头：投资、消费、出口三大需求增长更趋均衡，结构调整力度不断加大，发展质量和效益进一步提高，社会事业和统筹区域协调发展等方面取得了可喜的进展。<br /><br />国民经济继续朝着宏观调控预期方向发展<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在全球经济增长放慢的情况下，我国经济依然保持较高增长速度，基本面没有改变，国民经济继续朝着宏观调控预期方向发展。上半年，国内生产总值增长10.4%。其中，一、二季度分别增长10.6%和10.1%。三大需求增长趋于均衡。投资平稳增长，前7个月城镇固定资产投资增长27.3%，增幅同比提高0.7个百分点；居民消费持续较旺，社会消费品零售总额增长21.7%，同比加快6.2个百分点；投资与消费增幅的差距由过去几年一直在10个百分点以上缩小为5.6个百分点；贸易顺差减少，出口增长22.6%，增速放缓6.1个百分点；进口增长31.1%，加快11.5个百分点；顺差1237亿美元，减少132亿美元。经济效益继续提高。前7个月全国财政收入4.1万亿元，同比增长30.5%，增收9552亿元。前5个月，规模以上工业企业实现利润同比增长20.9%。<br /><br />产业结构进一步优化升级<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 今年以来，我国产业结构调整步伐有所加快。前7个月规模以上工业增加值增长16.1%，增幅同比回落2.4个百分点。其中，六大高耗能行业增长14.4%，回落5.3个百分点；高技术产业和机械工业分别增长17.5%和21%。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为促进高技术产业集聚发展，今年我国新认定37个综合性、行业性（包括信息、生物、新材料、新能源、民用航空产业等）国家高技术产业基地，全国总计达到72个。实施新型平板显示器件、生物医学工程、新能源、循环经济等一批高技术产业化专项，加快推进TD&mdash;SCDMA规模网络试验等重大技术应用。出台鼓励软件产业和集成电路产业发展的若干优惠政策。上半年，高技术产业增加值同比增长17.6%，高于全部工业增加值16.3%的增长水平。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为大力振兴装备制造业，推进贯彻国务院关于加快振兴装备制造业的若干意见，落实首台首套、关键零部件有关支持政策，积极推进一批重大项目。目前，我国开展的百万千瓦核电关键装备、大型石油天然气长输管线成套装备、大型海上风电设备、大型宽带薄板及宽厚钢板生产关键技术装备研制，特高压输变电、风电等新能源设备产业化进展顺利。推动炼油、乙烯等重大工程建设，加大化肥、农药等行业结构调整力度。今年以来，装备制造业投资保持较快增长，前7个月同比增长36.7%。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为加快发展服务业特别是现代服务业，我国制定实施了《关于加快服务业发展政策措施的实施意见》，国家鼓励类服务业目录正在完善。目前，大型骨干企业信息系统外包、基础教育信息资源开发与服务、中小企业电子商务服务等信息化试点示范工程，以及服务业发展引导资金示范工程进展顺利。<br /><br />节能减排力度进一步加大　<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 今年上半年，全国关停小火电机组836万千瓦，分别淘汰水泥、造纸、电解铝落后产能2000多万吨、37.5万吨和5万吨，全国单位GDP能耗下降2.9%左右，降幅比去年同期和今年一季度分别扩大0.12和0.28个百分点，化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放量继续保持下降趋势。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为推进资源综合利用，开发和推广清洁、可再生能源，有关部门发布了《国家重点节能技术推广目录（第一批）》，加快推广煤炭、电力等9行业50项高效节能技术。积极推进煤泥、煤矸石、粉煤灰渣、煤层气、矿井水等资源的综合利用，核准煤矸石综合利用规模600万千瓦。风能、太阳能等清洁、可再生能源，火电厂烟气脱硫特许经营试点工作成功启动。非粮燃料乙醇试点取得积极进展，一批大型高效热电联产机组建设启动。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为支持节能减排重点工程和重点流域污染治理，我国安排中央预算内投资支持余热余压利用、锅炉窑炉改造等十大重点节能工程项目174个，支持循环经济资源节约重大示范项目204个，支持松花江、丹江口等重点流域污染治理项目及铬渣治理和清洁生产示范项目72个。《太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案》已获国务院批准，《渤海环境保护总体规划》正在修改完善。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 各地还逐步提高污水处理费标准，加大污水处理费征收管理力度。全国公布了1.2万家高耗能企业名单。相继采取调整出口退税、加征出口关税、调整加工贸易政策等多项措施，控制&quot;两高一资&quot;行业产品出口过快增长。上半年，焦炭、钢材、钢坯及粗锻件出口同比分别下降7.5%、20.2%和97%。<br /><br />教育、文化、卫生等社会事业全面发展<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 今年，国家安排中央预算内投资40亿元，全面推进农村中小学危房改造工程，继续实施职业教育基础能力建设工程，支持1482所县级职教中心和中等职业学校建设。继续实施高等教育&quot;211工程&quot;，高校基础设施建设进一步加强。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为完善公共卫生和医疗服务体系，国家继续安排中央预算内投资支持农村卫生服务体系建设，改造和新建乡镇卫生院、县医院、县中医院、县妇幼保健院，并为乡镇卫生院配置基本医疗装备，农村三级医疗卫生服务网络逐步健全。目前，我国正在制定深化医药卫生体制改革总体方案。新型农村合作医疗基本覆盖全国农村，参合农民超过8亿人，中央财政将补助中西部地区的标准提高了1倍；城镇居民基本医疗保险试点新增299个城市，覆盖人口近6000万人。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为加强文化旅游事业设施建设，广播电视村村通工程进一步向自然村延伸，乡镇、社区综合文化站和农民体育健身设施建设得到加强。国家图书馆二期暨国家数字图书馆、国家博物馆等重大文化项目有序推进。红色旅游重点景区基础设施条件明显改善。（完）]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>中国人民银行　中国银行业监督管理委员会关于金融促进节约集约用地的通知</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98396765.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98396765.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2008 20:10:10 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>资料收集</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98396765.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<div style=""><div style="text-align: left;">
</div><p><b><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></p><p align="center"><b><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">中国人民银行　中国银行业监督管理委员会关于金融促进节约集约用地的通知</span></b></p>
<p align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p align="center"><span style="line-height: 150%;">银发〔<span>2008〕214号</span></span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">中国人民银行上海总部，各分行、营业管理部、省会（首府）城市中心支行、副省级城市中心支行<span>,各银监局,各政策性银行、国有商业银行、股份制商业银行,中国邮政储蓄银行：</span></span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为贯彻落实《国务院关于促进节约集约用地的通知》（国发〔2008〕3号）精神，充分利用和发挥金融在促进节约集约用地方面的积极作用，现提出以下要求。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一、切实加强学习，深刻领会节约集约用地重要性</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （一）深入学习，提高认识。切实保护耕地，促进节约集约用地，不仅关系当前经济社会发展，而且关系民族生存根基和国家长远利益；科学合理配置金融资源，形成对利用土地的有效约束和激励十分必要。各金融机构要认真学习、深刻领会《国务院关于促进节约集约用地的通知》的精神实质，进一步提高对节约集约用地重要性的认识。</span></p>

<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （二）明确原则，把握重点。各金融机构应以严格限制粗放低效用地、积极支持节约集约用地为原则，以重大基础设施、公共设施、工业设施建设、农村集体建设用地和商业性房地产等领域为重点，加强相应的信贷合法合规审查，进一步改进金融服务，积极引导和推动节约集约用地。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 二、强化政策要求，严格建设用地项目贷款管理</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （三）严格建设项目贷款管理。贷款项目用地应依法取得，符合土地利用总体规划、城乡规划和相关行业规划，涉及新增建设用地的，还应纳入土地利用年度计划，禁止向不符合规划控制要求的项目提供贷款支持，禁止向违法用地项目提供贷款支持。对列入国家《禁止用地项目目录》的项目，严禁发放贷款；已发放贷款的，应在采取必要保全措施的基础上，逐步收回。对列入国家《限制用地项目目录》的项目，应审慎发放贷款。</span></p>

<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （四）严格市政基础设施和工业用地项目贷款审核。对于不符合国家标准、未取得国土资源部门用地批复的市政基础设施、生态绿化项目以及工业项目建设，不得予以任何形式的信贷支持。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （五）严格农村集体建设用地项目贷款管理。对利用农村集体土地开发商业性房地产的，不得发放任何形式的贷款；对购买农村集体土地上建设的住房的城镇居民，不得发放住房贷款；对利用农村集体土地开办企业、兴办乡（镇）村公共设施和公益事业的，要严格审查贷款申请，对未取得合法用地手续，没有落实有效担保权利的，不得发放贷款。</span></p>

<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （六）<font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">严格商业性房地产信贷管理。禁止向房地产开发企业发放专门用于缴交土地出让价款的贷款；土地储备贷款采取抵押方式的，应具有合法的土地使用证，贷款抵押率最高不得超过抵押物评估价值的70%，贷款期限原则上不超过2年</font><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">；</span>对国土资源部门认定的房地产项目超过土地出让合同约定的动工开发日期满一年、完成该宗土地开发面积不足三分之一或投资不足四分之一的企业，应审慎发放贷款，并从严控制展期贷款或滚动授信；对国土资源部门认定的建设用地闲置2年以上的房地产项目，禁止发放房地产开发贷款或以此类项目建设用地作为抵押物的各类贷款（包括资产保全业务）。</span></p>

<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 各金融机构应加强对房地产开发企业自身信用记录、还款能力和还款意愿的调查与评估；审核确认房地产开发贷款的抵押物，不得接受重复抵押；在预购商品房抵押贷款发放前，应审核确认房地产企业已解除该项目土地抵押及在建工程抵押中所售房屋对应部分的抵押物。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 三、加强金融支持，切实促进节约集约用地</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （七）优先支持节约集约用地项目建设。对在现有工业用地上提高土地利用率和增加容积率的项目，以及开发利用空闲、废弃、闲置土地的项目，在符合规划条件、不改变用途的前提下，应优先予以金融支持；对符合&quot;布局集中、产业集聚、用地集约&quot;要求的国家级开发区，应优先予以金融支持。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （八）优先支持节地房地产开发项目。对符合国家《住宅性能评定技术标准》和《绿色建筑评价标准》等先进节地技术的房地产项目，优先予以金融支持；在符合国家各项政策和金融机构贷款条件的前提下，要优先支持廉租住房、经济适用住房、限价商品住房及建筑面积在90平方米以下的中小套型普通商品住房建设。</span></p>

<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （九）积极支持土地储备机构盘活存量建设用地。对土地储备机构储备符合规划（计划）且空闲、废弃、闲置和低效利用的国有存量建设用地的，要积极予以贷款支持。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （十）加大创新工作力度，拓宽土地融资渠道。各金融机构应进一步加大金融创新力度，积极探索符合实际需要的金融产品,充分利用金融手段促进节约集约用地。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 四、强化金融监管，确保政策落到实处</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （十一）建立健全金融促进节约集约用地管理制度。各金融机构应进一步改进贷款审核审批流程，制订和完善有关管理规定，并于2008年12月31日前上报监管部门。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （十二）加强金融促进节约集约用地工作的指导和督查力度。人民银行各分支机构、各银监局要切实加强与地方政府相关部门的沟通合作，建立信息交流机制，将企业违法用地、闲置土地等信息纳入人民银行企业征信系统和银监会客户风险预警系统，为金融机构有关信贷决策提供支持和服务；同时，要结合当地实际，加强调查研究和&quot;窗口指导&quot;，积极探索开展金融机构落实节约集约用地金融政策的评估工作，研究建立土地金融创新工作机制；适时开展检查，及时纠正违法违规经营行为，并依法追究有关单位和人员的责任。</span></p>

<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 请人民银行上海总部，各分行、营业管理部、省会（首府）城市中心支行，各省（自治区、直辖市）银监局将本通知联合转发至辖区内城市商业银行、农村商业银行、农村合作银行、城乡信用社、信托公司及外资银行。</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>
<p align="right"><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 中国人民银行&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 中国银行业监督管理委员会</span></p>
<p><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p align="right"><span style="line-height: 150%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 二〇〇八年七月二十九日&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p></div>
<span style="font-size: 9pt;">　　　　　　<b>上网时间:</b>2008-8-27 17:35:00</span>]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>理顺&#8220;人民币&#8221;与人民的关系</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98319980.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98319980.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2008 22:32:43 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>丁学良日记</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98319980.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<h2 style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">首先理顺&ldquo;人民币&rdquo;与人民的关系</h2>
<p>[丁学良按：] 如果问个问题：1949年以后的中国，哪一个政治概念是使用最频繁的？只要静下心来稍微想想，就会答道：是&ldquo;人民&rdquo;。<br /><br />中国自1949年10月以来，&ldquo;人民&rdquo;这个政治概念方方面面、上上下下、无所不在。人民铁路、人民医院、人民邮政、人民法院（或人民法庭）、人民检察院、人民警察（或人民公安）、人民审判员、人民武装部、人民大会堂、中国人民对外友好协会、人民公社（现在没有了）。所有国家一级的重要报刊杂志，几乎铁律一般，都冠以&ldquo;人民&rdquo;二字：人民日报、中央人民广播电台、人民文学、人民戏剧，人民画报、人民音乐。&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br />更重要的还有：人民币、中国人民银行、中国人民保险公司、人民解放军（或人民军队）、人民代表大会、人民政治协商会议、人民公仆、人民政府、人民共和国。<br /><br />虽然1949年以后，&ldquo;人民&rdquo;作为政治标签，从中国最高层到最基层，从政治到经济，从文化到体育，无所不涵盖，几乎所有重要的官方机构，都用&ldquo;人民&rdquo;这两个字作前缀，然而，相当长的时间里，在中华人民共和国，&ldquo;人民&rdquo;只是一个抽象的存在，而不是一个具体的存在。<br /><br />比如，在我1984年出国前，常常看见这样的吵架：中国的服务场所，不管是人民商场、人民铁路、还是人民医院，许多工作人员的服务态度极坏。有时顾客实在受不了窝囊气，就指着墙上悬挂的毛语录牌&ldquo;为人民服务&rdquo;质问服务人员：&ldquo;你的态度这么坏，哪有一点为人民服务的样子！&rdquo;工作人员最通常的反击就是：&ldquo;我是为人民服务，不是为你一个人服务！&rdquo;争执到了这个地步，话就讲不下去了。因为&ldquo;你&rdquo;不是&ldquo;人民&rdquo;，任何具体的顾客都不等于&ldquo;人民&rdquo;。工作人员不管得罪了几千几万的顾客，也没有伤害到&ldquo;人民&rdquo;。&ldquo;中国人民&rdquo;那时有十亿之众，你有啥办法把他们统统召集到一个场所来跟服务人员理论？<br /><br />因此，1949年以后，虽然&ldquo;人民&rdquo;这个政治标签到处都是，但很多年里人民是抽象的。而 &ldquo;人民&rdquo;一旦成为抽象的而非具体的存在时，就会导致很多的政治恶果。一个政策是好是坏，效果是良还是恶，衡量的标准如果不是具体的人民，哪怕那个政策再混账、再荒谬、再疯狂，哪怕它造成的后果再可怕，如果不是以具体人民的利益作为衡量标准，政策的制定和推行者总会找到&ldquo;正当&rdquo;的大道理为其辩护。<br /><br />随便举几个例子就会看出，把人民抽象化，有多么可怕。1957年底，毛泽东到莫斯科参加十月革命40周年庆典，与苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫发生争执。赫认为原子弹改变了战争的性质，一打起核战争，不论社会主义、资本主义，整个世界也许都会毁灭，哪里还有什么人民可以依靠？因此苏联不能与美国发生核冲突，要和平共处。毛批评赫右倾，说我就不信打核战争全世界27亿人会死绝，我估计可能死掉三分之一或者更多一点，&ldquo;死掉一半人，还有一半人，帝国主义打平了，全世界社会主义化了，再过多少年，又会有27亿，一定还要多。&rdquo;<br /><br />1958年9月，毛泽东表示苏联应派导弹部队到中国来，不怕美国用核武器攻击。毛再次强调：&ldquo;为了最后胜利，灭掉帝国主义，我们愿意承担第一个打击，无非是死一大堆人&rdquo;（杨奎松《毛泽东与莫斯科的恩恩怨怨》）。如果去问问那些具体的中国人民，你们家一半的人要为&ldquo;世界共产主义&rdquo;的胜利被原子弹炸死，你们愿意不愿意？我不认为会有一半的中国人举双手拥护。<br /><br />此后毛为了&ldquo;跑步进入共产主义&rdquo;而发动的1959-1961年大跃进运动，&ldquo;一大堆人&rdquo;（学术界推算在2600-4000万人之间）饿死，创下人类有记载的历史上最大的饥荒死亡记录。这期间刘少奇等务实领导为缓解空前饥荒，施行少浮夸、少平调、少征粮的纠&ldquo;左&rdquo;调整，毛泽东极为不满，责备刘：&ldquo;你急什么，压不住阵脚了，为什么不顶住？&rdquo;刘回答：&ldquo;人相食，要上书的！&rdquo;（《王光美谈话纪录》）。意思是这三年饥荒导致很多地方人吃人，以后中国的史书不会不记下这一绝人寰的政策失误的。<br /><br />一位中共党校老教授对我说：大饥荒的三年里，毛泽东发表过多首诗词，没有一首表达对数千万中国老百姓饿死的同情。相反，他这三年的诗词里，处处抒发的是愉快得意的心情：&ldquo;喜看稻菽千重浪，遍地英雄下夕烟。&rdquo;&ldquo;陶令不知何处去，桃花源里可耕田？&rdquo;&ldquo;我欲因之梦寥廓，芙蓉国里尽朝晖。&rdquo;<br /><br />所以我说，从1949年中华人民共和国成立到1978年，&ldquo;人民&rdquo;这个政治术语在中国到处都是，但都被抽象化了，现实生活里人民什么都不是。1978年底发起的改革，使政策的出发点开始扭转，转到具体的人民身上。当然，这个漫长的过程是非常曲折的。<br /><br />1979年，著名的&ldquo;真理标准&rdquo;大讨论开始。它提出了基本的施政理念实践是检验真理的唯一标准，即不应再以抽象的政治口号、而应以具体的实践效果去检验政策的好坏。多年以后，&ldquo;实践是检验真理的唯一标准&rdquo;这个哲学命题，变成了一句老百姓都懂得的大白话。邓小平提的&ldquo;三个有利于&rdquo;中，一个&ldquo;有利于&rdquo;是要有利于人民生活的改善，这就是把&ldquo;人民&rdquo;逐渐具体化了。<br /><br />&ldquo;人民&rdquo;从抽象变得具体，有很多衡量的指标，最基本的可以归纳成两条。第一，&ldquo;人民政府&rdquo;与人民的关系，即人民对政府能参与和监督到什么程度？第二，&ldquo;人民币&rdquo;与人民的关系，即人民在国家经济发展中能得到多少实惠？第一个指标，我以后再详谈，本文讲第二个指标。<br /><br />中国改革的早期，邓小平、胡耀邦、赵紫阳、万里、习仲勋等领导人扭转政策的方向，首要的是理顺&ldquo;人民&rdquo;和&ldquo;人民币&rdquo;的关系，使具体的中国人民能享受到经济实惠。比如，中国农村的联产承包责任制，就是把抽象的人民变成具体的人民。这之前的&ldquo;人民公社&rdquo;，虽然在纸面上优越无比，但闹得人民常常没饭吃，那就不应该再搞这玩意了。此后几年里，中国的城市也允许没有工作的人做个体户挣点钱，这在毛时代是不可想象的具体的中国人饿死是小事，&ldquo;主义&rdquo;正确与否才是头等大事。<br /><br />1980年代初我听到传达万里的一次讲话，说要算一算帐，从1949年到1976年，我们因为决策错误造成了多少经济损失？当时有些学者粗略做了计算，几千亿人民币，相当于那时中国好几年GDP的总和。万里感慨地说，如果把这个数字告诉中国的工人农民，这些温饱都没有解决的人民还会让我们再坐在这个位置上吗？所以，万里是那一代领导人中，最大声提出决策要民主化和科学化的。他是一位明智的、心中装着具体的人民的改革家。<br /><br />1983年，胡耀邦等人试图在理论高度把具体的中国人民置于施政的出发点。4月13日，中国为纪念马克思逝世100周年举行大会，历经&ldquo;文革&rdquo;劫难的周扬作主题发言，他大声呼吁，社会主义要以人为本，要讲人性和人道主义。周扬那一代从自身经历中痛感，如果中国的体制不以人为本，不尊重人性和人道，那什么可怕的恶行都会发生。确实也是如此，&ldquo;文革&rdquo;中受害者超过一亿，连中华人民共和国的国家主席都不能被中华人民共和国的宪法所保护，被折磨而死。<br /><br />周扬提出人道主义是社会主义的核心价值搞社会主义的目的如果不是使个人活得有尊严、人的生活和自由得以步步改善、个人的价值得以提升，那社会主义有什么意义？可惜中共党内的毛主义者立刻发动了一场批判人道主义的运动，使周扬抑郁而终，使胡耀邦差点下台。<br /><br />现在25年过去了，当今的中国政府肯定了&ldquo;以人为本&rdquo;的施政理念，这是一个显著进步。客观地讲，中国人民大概是全世界最能体谅政府的人民之一。中国的执政者只要对具体的中国人民好一点点，具体的中国人民都会真心感激。这次四川大地震，中华人民共和国第一次为死难的普通的中国人民降国旗，中国人民是何等的感激！如果按照昔日毛主义时代的观念，中华人民共和国的国旗，怎么可以为四川七万多人降旗呢？七万多具体的中国人不等于&ldquo;中国人民&rdquo;！<br /><br />所以我讲，中国过去30年的改变，最为核心的就是，在这个叫作&ldquo;人民共和国&rdquo;的国家里，&ldquo;人民&rdquo;正变得越来越具体，也即人民的实际利益变得越来越重要。但这是很漫长的进步过程，有些人并不赞成这种改良。比如，前不久有一个上海通俗读物作家教导四川地震中丧失了孩子的家长们，不应该依法追究建造成千上万豆腐渣校舍的那些人的责任，据说这会给我们国家&ldquo;抹黑&rdquo;，云云。这种逻辑的深层，与1978年前盛行的意识形态一脉相承具体的成千上万的中国人的生命是小事，抽象的&ldquo;主义&rdquo;、&ldquo;原则&rdquo;才是大事。<br /><br />对此，我的反响则是：过去中国30年的改良，虽然还没有把&ldquo;人民&rdquo;和&ldquo;人民政府&rdquo;的关系理顺，但至少在理顺&ldquo;人民&rdquo;和&ldquo;人民币&rdquo;的关系上取得了大的进步，即把提升大部分人民的福利、给中国人民以具体的实惠，当做主要的施政目标之一，亦是中国社会稳定的主要支柱之一。<br /><br />从这个意义上来讲，中国在制定和落实政策时，如果忘记了具体的中国人民，偏离具体的人民的实在利益，就会出大事。那些在今天仍然劝告中国政府不要关注具体的中国人民、而只空谈抽象的人民的谋士们，应该让他们立即搬家到北朝鲜去享受那儿的最新科技成果&mdash;&mdash;，一种吃下去能够延缓饥饿感的替代食品。 </p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>谢丹阳：宏观政策模拟室录取通知</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98225296.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98225296.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2008 08:48:43 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>宏观政策模拟室</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/98225296.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 31px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold; "><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 31px; "><a href="http://ihome.ust.hk/%7Edxie/EXPCLASS/admissionlist.xls" target="_blank">点击：录取名单 excel sheet</a></span></span><br /></div><br /><ol><li>录取所在学校相对集中的有：北大（5名），香港科大（3名），中央财大（3名），东南大学（3名），武汉大学（2名）人民大学（2名）。另有众多其他学校录取各一名。</li><li>绝大多数为本科。</li><li>包含各种不同专业。</li><li>如果模拟室切实可行，本次未能录取的申请者可于下一期重新申请。</li></ol>各组组长请于本周四（八月二十八日）或更早时间向我确认已同本组成员建立联系。各组成员也请积极和组长及其他成员联络。尚未注册sohu的学员请立刻注册。<br /><br />我们下一周将会正式进入学习研究。请大家关注。<br />]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>中国亏待了自己的那一半？</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/97732112.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/97732112.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 18:49:22 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>丁学良日记</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/97732112.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<div style="OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 100%">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="WORD-WRAP: break-word" valign="top">
<div style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><img style="DISPLAY: none" src="http://imgcache.qq.com/ac/b.gif" />&nbsp;
<div style="DISPLAY: none" align="center"><font face="" color="#000e04">中国亏待了自己的那一半？</font></div>
<div style="DISPLAY: none" align="center">&nbsp;</div><img style="DISPLAY: none" src="http://imgcache.qq.com/ac/b.gif" />[ 丁学良按：&ldquo;那一半&rdquo;就是中国的女性。任何一个公正的观察家都会承认，中国社会在大部分时候大部分领域里，对女性明显的不公平。看了本届奥运会，我们会更感到歧视中国女性是多么的无理、无情、无义。2006年10月12日《南方周末》报道，中国女足的大明星每月工资1500元，跟具有可持续失败能力的男足工资没法比！我们能不能持续呼吁，让女士担任中国体协和足协的一二把手，最好请女士担任中国男足的精神总指导员，以此来终止中国男足持续浪费中国纳税人钞票的连续剧？] <br /><br />盛夏炎炎，骄阳似火，7月28日上午，长沙市数百名妇联干部在市妇联培训大楼六楼会议室感受到了一阵夏日的清凉。应市妇联的邀请，香港科技大学教授、中国政法大学客座教授、卡内基基金会高级研究员丁学良作了一场&ldquo;从国际视野看妇女权益的进步&rdquo;的精彩演讲。 <br /><br />丁博士从六个方面阐述了他对妇女发展的一些观点。 <br /><br />第一，他认为，世界上所有古老文明都存在对女性系统的压迫、歧视和排斥，这种现象既存在于母系氏族，也存在于现代国家如日本、韩国、中国，更不用说中东了。性别的不平等是人类最古老形态的不平等之一，所以妇女争权益古已有之。 <br /><br />第二，妇女地位的改善与工业革命同步。工业革命使大批妇女被投入到劳动力大军之中，妇女从从事家务劳动和农田耕作转变为社会性质的劳动力，但家政活动作为妇女最主要的工作内容，其所产生的经济价值却仍未纳入国民经济统计口径。 <br /><br />第三，二十世纪对妇女地位改善的几种方式。马克思和恩格斯认为妇女地位低下是由其经济地位低下决定的，其根源是私有制的存在，解决之道是建立公有制。列宁时代留下了两个遗产，一是认为现代一夫一妻制是私有化的产物；二是大革命中男革命家的夫人成为妇女解放运动的旗帜。斯大林时期，妇女被大量动员起来进入工业化的劳动大军，这对改善妇女地位起到了很大的作用。在西欧和北美，一部分国家大批妇女进入工业社会，妇女劳动力比率占全社会劳动力的一半，在绝大多数发达国家，实现了一人一票的普选制。妇女就业与普选制是妇女地位改善最重要的两大因素。 <br /><br />第四，对几种研究妇女地位观点的解释。关于妇女的劣势是由身体条件决定的观点，他认为是半对半错，妇女地位的劣势实际上是由社会传统、制度性的东西束缚所至。关于文化传统决定妇女地位低下的观点，他认为，并非全然如此，现代香港和台湾地区许多妇女就通过系统的考试制度，进入了政治、经济、法律等高层领域，而这些地区对文化传统的坚守则比我们大陆有过之而无不及。 <br /><br />第五，21世纪初，从全球角度看妇女地位的状况。传统上妇女地位十分低下的国家也得到了很大程度的改善，如印度、土耳其、斯里兰卡等保守国家出现了女总统、总理，一些发达国家出现了女国防部长、总统国家安全顾问，之所以如此，原因是有常规举行的公民普选制和一整套宪法至上的文官制度。 <br /><br />第六，中国妇女地位的改善要走多样化的路子。要教育妇女，使妇女特别是贫困地区和家庭享受充分的教育资源；要促进妇女就业，在提高妇女就业比例的同时，增加高层妇女比率；要在参政和普选过程中提高和改善妇女地位；要在立法和执法方面维护妇女权益；要在很多领域里让女士领导男士（比如中国男子足球队）。 <br /><br />丁博士的演讲旁征博引，妙趣横生，观点新颖，赢得了一阵阵的掌声。演讲完毕后，他还现场回答了听众的提问。很多妇联的干部和女权问题研究工作说，丁博士的演讲比绝大多数专门从事妇女研究的国内学者的视野宽广得多，对女性的优点长处看得更客观。有些人称他为&ldquo;女权主义者&rdquo;，一点也不夸张。可惜他不能当国内妇联的干部。 <br /><br />市妇联党组书记、主席肖雅珩主持演讲报告会。</div><img style="DISPLAY: none; POSITION: relative" src="http://imgcache.qq.com/ac/b.gif" /></td></tr></tbody></table></div>]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>四川震后重建不应重建旧体制老毛病</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/97662892.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/97662892.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2008 22:46:32 +0800</pubDate>
			<category>国计民生</category>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/97662892.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[<p><font size="4">四川震后重建不应重建旧体制老毛病</font></p>
<p><font size="4">华西都市报 记者 罗曙驰 李晓 <br /><br />四川大地震后国内外期待的重建规划方案刚刚公布，以征求公众建议。香港科技大学教授丁学良一直高度关心震后重建家园过程中的制度革新问题。他早在大震后不久就来到乐山，应邀作&ldquo;承接东部产业转移暨受灾后重建的规划问题&rdquo;报告，然后又出席成都的主题为重建家园 - 绿色优先的研讨会。为承接东部产业转移和灾后重建做准备，由乐山市委书记和市长带队的市经贸考察团，不日将赴粤、闽、沪、浙等四省市考察。 <br /><br />丁学良坦言：&ldquo;2008年春节我是在阆中度过的，过去的成都、乐山、阆中是我最喜欢的三个四川大中小城市。虽然我不是四川人，但四川大震使我个人心理上承受很多的痛苦。&rdquo; <br /><br />营造五大环境吸引投资 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;目前四川面临的一个难题是如何尽快恢复投资者信心，进而创造比较优势吸引外来投资者，顺利承接东部产业转移。丁学良建议地方政府注意营造五大环境。 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&ldquo;第一类环境叫PE，即政策环境。&rdquo;丁学良表示，&ldquo;越是想做长期投资的企业，越是重视稳定的政策要素，而不是朝三暮四的规矩和土政策。&rdquo; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第二类为SE（社会环境）。&ldquo;外来企业主要看当地教育环境，二是医疗卫生条件，三是文化娱乐条件，四是伙伴。英特尔在成都投资时，就调研过周围的人群构成。&rdquo; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第三类是IE（产业环境）。&ldquo;任何一个地方要长期可持续发展，都要第三类是IE（产业环境）。&ldquo;任何一个地方要长期可持续发展，都要吸引一个产业链。成都、绵阳、德阳在灾后重建中特别要注意这点。&rdquo; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第四类为NE（自然环境），&ldquo;一个地方如果河水发出臭味，空气质量不好，很难想象能吸引好厂商。&rdquo; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;第五类就是HC（人力资本），&ldquo;外来投资者非常看重这点。&rdquo; <br /><br />灾后重建要与环保共进 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;丁学良认为，并不是东部沿海地区所有类型的产业转移四川都需要，对于严重破坏环境的产业，要保持慎重。他表示，在灾后重建中，四川必须就环境和经济发展找到平衡点。 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;丁学良建议，在新的大型项目上马之前，必须听取四方意见，包括政府和投资者，还包括环境专家和本地居民。 <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;丁学良认为，乐山水资源、旅游资源非常好，&ldquo;乐山大佛和峨眉山是世界遗产保护地，工业污染一定要尽量远离它。灾后重建中一定要注意这点。&rdquo; <br /><br />从小就练过书法的丁学良虽然过去24年在海外，毛笔字仍然比今天绝大多数国内中青年更显得有根底，他昨天还应邀挥毫专门为乐山题词：&ldquo;乐山 乐水 乐人民，讲经 讲济 讲教育&rdquo;。<img style="DISPLAY: none; POSITION: relative" src="http://imgcache.qq.com/ac/b.gif" /></font></p>]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		<item>
			<title>一不小心就为奥运作出贡献的两人</title>
			<link>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/96992166.html</link>
			<comments>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/96992166.html#comment</comments>
			<dc:creator>丁学良和谢丹阳</dc:creator>
			<pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2008 17:38:57 +0800</pubDate>
			<guid>http://zoudingxie.blog.sohu.com/96992166.html</guid>
			<description><![CDATA[&nbsp;<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="宋体">[ 丁学良按：</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">一不小心就为北京<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2008</font>奥运会作出了重要贡献的，是两位曾被中国官方深恶痛绝的英国佬&mdash;&mdash;香港的最后两任总督</font>卫奕信和彭定康。这两位英国殖民主义体系的最后高官，怎么一不小心就为他们任后十几年才开办的北京奥运会帮了大忙，乃是一个中国对外开放的历史大故事中的吊诡篇章。] <br /><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">1989年，时任第27届</font>港督的卫奕信（David Wilson, 1987-1992在位），提出香港要建一个新机场，需动用1270亿（最终<font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">耗资1550亿）</font>港元。那时，香港<font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">建于1925年的启德机场，又狭小又位于闹市中间，驾驶员把从这个机场的升降称为全球最惊险的特技训练，一出大事故，周围上百栋高楼里的居民都遭殃；纵然不出大事故，平时的噪音扰民也很严重。同时，港府估计今后亚太地区航空业务将占全球的一半<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">, </font>而全球约一半的人口居住在距离香港<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">5</font>小时的航程以内，因此建造新机场会进一步巩固香港作为亚太主要航空中心的地位。此外，<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1989</font>年中国的政治风波后，香港及周边地区对中港前景持悲观态度者多多，港府也想通过建设新机场来刺激人心和景气，提供多一些的就业机会。</font><br /><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">位于赤腊角的香港新机场，于<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1990</font>年筹划，1992年动工兴建，到<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1998</font>年<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">7</font>月<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">6</font>日完工投入运作<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">, </font>八年有成。然而该工程从头开始就政治摩擦不断，因为那几年正是香港处于主权由英国转中国的过渡期。英国在<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1997</font>年<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">7</font>月<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1</font>日撤离香港前要建这个大工程，被中方怀疑有大政治&ldquo;阴谋&rdquo;在后面，其主要动机是要把港府的财政&ldquo;掏空&rdquo;，留下巨额债务，拖垮九七以后的香港特区政府，以&ldquo;抹黑伟大的社会主义中国&rdquo;。</font> <br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">有了这个政治挂帅的判断和&ldquo;粉碎敌人阴谋&rdquo;的高度阶级斗争觉悟，有关建设新机场的经济理性论证就被中国对英谈判的高官忽视不顾。中方高官严正警告英治港府：他们不能在国际上为机场融资；港府在<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1997</font>年<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">7</font>月<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1</font>日必须有<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">250</font>亿港元的财政节余；机场的兴建未得到中方同意，建成后若升降的飞机需绕经中国内地的領空，也絕不会被允许。</font><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">可是英方挺执着，非要把机场建成不可，没有那种&ldquo;咱们马上就走了，多一事不如少一事，干吗吃力不讨好&rdquo;的衰样。英国首相访华、伦敦特使赴京、反复交涉沟通，机场方案最后取得中方初步谅解。</font><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1992</font>年后，末代港督彭定康</font>（<font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">Christopher Patten</font>，<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1992-1997</font>在位）对新机场建设费用的审批受到更多非议，因为他还推动政改和普选，被中方高官斥责为&ldquo;千古罪人&rdquo;，中方宣传乃至于用&ldquo;政治娼妓&rdquo;来辱骂他。而彭定康对所有具中国特色的政治谩骂显得毫不在乎，日后他以具英国特色的幽默答记者：&ldquo;在我的从政生涯里，别人给我取过很多的绰号或骂名。我们英文有句谚语&mdash;&mdash;石块和砖头会把你的骨头砸断，但绰号却伤不到你。我发现在我担任欧盟外交事务专员及之后的日子里，中国政府的领导人就从未（用骂人话）那样形容过我。&rdquo;</font><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; 彭定康<font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">力辩启德机场已不胜负荷，位于市区易生事故，所以新机场的建设刻不容缓，他形容</font><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">建成后的新机场可以媲美&ldquo;埃及艳后的嫁妆&rdquo;，意思是令周围的国家和地区羡慕不已。</font><br /><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">实践是检验经济规划优劣的标准。目前香港新机场已是全球最繁忙的机场之一，运作的第一年就运载了<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">3500</font>万旅客和<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">300</font>万吨货物。<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2007</font>年的客运量达到<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">4780</font>万人，货运量<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">370</font>万吨。设计目标是若干年后增至每年客运<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">8700</font>万人次和货运<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">900</font>万吨。它的航班连接全球<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">150</font>个以上的航站，并通往中国内地数十个大中城市。特别可称道的是，香港新机场至少可应付未来<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">50</font>年的发展需要，因此客运大楼的天花板由<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">139</font>个组件组合而成，以备需要时随时改组扩建。这与中国内地众多公共工程刚建成又返工、道路每一两年就拓宽一次、前任书记盖楼后任书记炸楼的&ldquo;长官意志项目&rdquo;，形成鲜明对比。</font><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">现在已经十几年过去了，并无证据表明英国治港高官在机场项目背后有险恶的大阴谋。他们要在撤离香港前留下全球瞩目的新机场，确有殖民主义帝国的虚荣心，也有给英国公司提供生意机会的考虑。但至今没有看到他们从中捞取了非法的个人利益，没犯&ldquo;<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">59</font>岁贪腐症&rdquo;，在退休前狠捞一把；他们也没有搞豆腐渣工程。他们撤离时，港府的财政节余是<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">3000</font>亿港元而不是<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">250</font>亿。所以后来彭定康在回答记者时说：&ldquo;社会上永远有一些人，总会把对方想得最糟糕。我想有些人以为英国会把（港府）所有的钱带走，在离开之前让香港破产。&rdquo;这并不是说英国人天然高尚，而是英国开创的法治制衡有效。</font><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">香港新机场的建设打破了多项工程世界的纪录，作为最年轻、也是亚洲唯一中选的建筑，它被评为&ldquo;20世纪全球十大建筑&rdquo;之一。这项工程克服了庞大复杂的后勤、技术与政治障碍，而综合效果非常优越。</font><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">你知道香港新机场多优越吗？它在建成启用的迄今十年间，七次被评为全球最佳机场 -- 同志们，它就是北京奥运会最重要的配套工程之一的首都机场３号航站楼（简称<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">T3</font>）的蓝本。任何亲身体验过香港国际机场的旅客，使用首都机场T3后的第一个反应就是：其设计、功能、设施、标记、内部结构，乃是香港国际机场的翻版，二者的方案均出自英国建筑大师诺曼<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times"> ? </font>福斯特爵士之手。作为家一半在香港、一半在北京的频繁旅客，我本人看到香港机场能够为首都机场的奥运扩建工程提供蓝本和经验，真感到欣慰。</font><br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2008</font>年<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2</font>月底，&ldquo;奥运官方网站&rdquo;和多家中国媒体兴奋地报道：经过<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">45</font>个月的建设，首都机场<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">T3</font>建成并启用。&ldquo;为即将迎来奥运盛会的古都北京，开启了一个通向世界的新国门。&rdquo;T3工程大大缓解了首都机场超负荷运行的状况，航班起降能力从每天１０００个航班提升至1700个，年旅客吞吐力将从3600万人次提升到7600万人次，最新一代大型客机也能在新跑道起降。</font><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">中国大媒体津津乐道列数T3集纳的多项一流技术，使首都机场一步跨入世界最先进的现代化机场行列，其中捷运系统、行李高速传输系统、单灯引导系统都是在内地机场首次采用。中国记者特别以喜悦的笔调描述，T3的服务设施周到，让旅客感受到首都机场的人文关怀，人性化功能随处可见，让残疾人通行无阻。在功能设计上，也考虑到弱势群体及特殊旅客的需要。飞行的旅客会因气温的显著变化换装，航站楼内特设了更衣室，梳妆台、镜子、桌台、座椅、挂钩一应俱全。更衣室宽大，即使身材丰满、带很多行李的旅客也能行动自如。大部分洗手间的旁侧还设有母婴室，提供了给婴儿换尿布、喂奶的私密空间。玩具、动画片一应俱全的儿童活动区，使枯燥的等待变成孩子的快乐时光。环保设计的吸烟室告别了烟雾缭绕的环境，设有专门的臭氧机，当旅客在吧台吸烟时，吐出的烟雾不等升腾飘散，就会被臭氧机吸纳进去，让吸烟者也能呼吸到新鲜空气。所有厕所旁都设有残疾人专用厕所，除了可供残疾人如厕外，宽敞的空间还可供残疾人在里面更衣休息，避免让别人看到自己的隐私。所有的电动滚梯旁均有透明的无障碍观光电梯，供有需求的残疾人使用。所有的值机和安检通道都设有专供残疾人使用的柜台，其高宽度可满足坐轮椅者的需求。</font><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">呀，简直太棒了！所以T3一启用，就吸引了众多游客的赞叹眼光和摄影器材。唯一被中国官方媒体省略不提的，就是它乃是香港新机场的拷贝。</font> <br /><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">我这里所讲的，并不是一个工程技术的故事，而是&ldquo;发展研究&rdquo;（Developmental Studies）领域里经常讨论的institutional learning（制度性学习）的问题，即现代化的后来者如何通过向成功的先行者学习，以降低决策的风险和成本。</font><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">回顾从香港新机场建设到首都机场<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">T3</font>建设的近二十年历史，我再次深感，经济规划决策过程中的理性主义、国际视野、专业标准，是保证大型公共建设项目具有科学性、先进性、远瞻性的关键制度环节。假如当年香港新机场的规划由于中方官员出于政治原因的反对而夭折，香港今天就不会享有空运和旅游的许多优势。北京为着<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2008</font>奥运会必须进行的机场扩建，也不会像今天这样快速顺利&mdash;&mdash;首都机场<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">T3</font>工程，毕竟是在香港机场十几年成功经验的前提下所作的聪明移植，其风险和代价大大降低，而效果日见显著。</font><br /><br /><br /><font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2008</font>年<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">6</font>月底和<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">7</font>月中，中国国家主席和副主席分别视察<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">T3</font>，给予表扬鼓励。中国官方媒体宣称，北京奥运会期间，扩建的首都机场将迎来<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">80</font>万旅客、近百位外国元首和政要、<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1</font>万多名运动员、<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">3</font>千多名记者。好不风光！</font><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; <font style="FONT-SIZE: small; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em">笔者顺便建议，以后中国人写<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">1997</font>年前后的那段历史，不要对最后两任的香港总督全盘否定。最好在如实记录当年如何因为政治缘故谩骂他们的同时，也如实记录他们力排众议规划建成了世界一流的香港新机场，为首都机场扩建树立好榜样，从而间接地为<font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.3em" face="Times">2008</font>年的北京奥运会作了贡献。若是如此，便向世人证明了，咱们中国人有时侯也能够尊重历史。</font><img style="DISPLAY: none; POSITION: relative" src="http://imgcache.qq.com/ac/qzone_v4/b.gif" />]]></description>
		</item>
		    
		
		
	</channel>
</rss>
